What Is Globalization Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What Is Globalization - Research Proposal Example  Another word for globalization is a trade. Generally, the ongoing structure and improvement of the world can be credited to globalization on the grounds that the innovative progression has occurred because of the very trade of assets and administrations among nations. While there are a few highlights of globalization identified with various angles including monetary, social, and political, yet â€Å"where it has had a most telling effect is in major and emotional increments in worldwide exchange and trades in an open, incorporated and borderless universal environment† (Pere). Globalization has especially expanded because of the approach of the Internet. The Internet has permitted individuals to associate with each other, make companions, and trade thoughts and assessments without being constrained by the geographic limits. Globalization has assumed a significant job in the trading of ability around the world. Nowadays, the Internet is utilized to select skilled individuals from everywhere throughout the world. â€Å"Globalization has transformed us into an organization that look through the world, to sell or to the source, yet to discover scholarly capital - the universes best abilities and most prominent ideas† (Welch refered to in Kulkarni). Bosses utilize long range interpersonal communication locales like Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn to get familiar with the up-and-comers they are thinking about employing. Constructive outcomes of globalization incorporate expanded information on world societies; expanded comprehension of the standards and qualities, patterns and conventions of various individuals; monetary reinforcing and improvement of the immature nations.

Dating Methods Essay -- essays papers

General Differances Between Relative and Absolute Dating Methods Getting dates for fossils that are found in destinations being exhumed by anthropologist is significant. Dates show the advancement from early primate examples to our own species, Homo homo sapiens. There are numerous strategies that can be utilized to gain these dates, however these strategies can be categorized as one of two catorgories. They can either give a flat out date or a family member date. An outright date is one in which you get a real date in a long time. Otherwise called chronometric techniques. Relative dates do not give a real date as far as years, however they let you know whether one fossil is more established or more youthful than another fossil. Ushally relative dates are given regarding the segment of earth they are found in. This is called striatigraphy. In destinations like Olduvai gorge their are geographical layers of vocanic debris and dregs. At the point when an anthropologist finds a fossil in a undistirbed layer of dark debris, you realize that it is more youthful than the fossil in the layer of red debris beneath, and that fossil is more youthful than the fossil in the layer of earthy colored debris beneath it.(Johanson 65) The fundamental hypothesis here is that a certian site cantians a geolgical segment key that is comprised of differant layers, the fossils get more seasoned as they descend the key, what's more, are found in differant layers of strata..(Scully 2) Relative dates have a few significant issues. One is that the earth moves from various perspectives and this can distrube the layers of silt putting more youthful fossils underneath more seasoned ones. Another is that you can not tell precisely how much more youthful or more seasoned something is from somethinng else and you can not date differant fossils from differant locales with thes relative dating techniques. Outright dating, in contrast to realative dating, gives the anthropologist a definite date as far as calander years. These dating techniques are substantially more dependable and can be utilized in numerous differant locales with numerous differant fossils. Outright dating puts together it’s dates with respect to the regular radioactivity of differant components found in the world.(Johnston 216) There are certian components that happen in differant structures, these components are called isotopes. Every single one of these isotopes has a differant nuclear mass than others. Some of thes isotopes are radioactive, implying that they give of radiation in either alpha or beta structure, as they de... ... has a half-life. C14 is the radioactive isotope of rearular carbon, c12. The cocentration of C14 in the body is one billionth of a gram in the body to one gram of C12. This C14 is contantly rotting, yet through creatures and plants breathing it is replenashed when an life form is alive. At the point when the creature bites the dust the C14 consumption stops and a rot that isn't replenashed.(Comas 456) During life a life form have a particular movement of 15.6 disintigrations per minuate per gram of normal carbon in thier body.(Comas 456) â€Å"After life and C14 consumption stop and the balance is ended, radioactive disintigration of C14 happens, also, following 5,700 years this movement will have diminished to 7.8 disintigratuions per minuate per gram of carbon in the body.’(Comas 457) This implies the proportion of C14 to C12 left in the fossil when it is found can give a date in years. Carbon-14 dating has a half-existence of 5,700 years, with the lower breaking point of 1,000 years. As far as possible used to be around 30,000 a long time on the grounds that after that the proportion was excessively little to analis. As of late reaserch by Haring and deVires has let researcher put the maximum breaking point at 100,000 years old.(Comas 457)

Your February Updates Notes Form

Your February Updates Notes Form Hi Everyone, The MIT February Updates Notes Form is now available on MyMIT. Wait! Before you fill this form out, please read some important info below. First, though, relax! This is easy, and you dont need to worry about getting it wrong dont stress! What is it? The MIT February Updates Notes Form is an online form that is required of all students (including those admitted or deferred in Early Action), and is to be completed by you, the applicant. This form serves two purposes: to share your newest grades, and give you an opportunity to mention other updates since you submitted your application. Who should fill it out? Everyone! Even those already accepted in Early Action. When should I fill it out? As soon as possible after grades are available for the fall semester or second quarter. (If your school uses a trimester schedule, please use your first trimester grades, even if we already have them.) Please send us the form once your grades are released, OR by February 15th, whichever is earlier. The form must be submitted no later than February 15th. Wait! I wont have any grades before February 15th! Even if you have no new grades to report, you should still complete the February Updates Notes Form. You should then submit your midyear grades to us as soon as theyre available. My counselor/school already sent my midyear grades. Do I still need to submit the form? Yes. You are still required to complete the form with your latest grades. My school does not provide midyear grades or progress reports. Do I still need to submit the form? Yes. There is an option where you can indicate this. I am homeschooled. Do I still need to submit the form? Yes. You should provide any and all grades available for classes youve taken in your current academic year. I am no longer attending school. Do I still need to submit the form? Yes. There is an option where you can indicate this. Got it. Ok, how do I fill this form out? The form has fields for you to report your coursework and grades. This is similar to the Self-Reported Coursework Form from the Part 2 of the application, except that were only looking for current-year courses and grades. And were only looking for this from students with something to report. If youre in a school that doesnt have midyear grades, or youve already graduated, dont worry, youre all set just skip this section.? Next, we have provided you with a simple text box. This is the best place for any new updates you want us to know about. Remember, the final date to submit the FUN Form is February 15th. But wait, theres not enough space in the updates section! Feel free to write in bullet points or use more casual language. This section has a maximum of 250 words. I know thats not a lot, but do your best to be concise. How do I fill out the grades section? Make it clean please. Like this: BC Calculus 89 IB Chemistry HL 97 Japanese A- Or, if you have quarter grades: Biology A, A- AP Economics 96,92 Or, if you feel like you need to explain something put it only in the subject section like this: Java I (taken at B.C.C.) A+ multivariable Calc (Online) Pass In the Grades box, please list only grades, no text. For example, it is sufficient to write B+ rather than B+ (Final grade) or B+ (online course). If your transcript provides quarter grades and a midterm exam grade but no semester grade, you should list the quarter grades and the midterm exam grade. Dont create your own average, or report your best guess as to what your grade will be. If your school uses a trimester schedule, please use your first trimester grades. If you have more classes to report grades for than spaces available, just continue reporting them in the updates text box. Other special circumstances? Some schools including many international schools have no concept of midyear grades. This is okay. You can ignore the text boxes and simply choose the option, I attend a school that does not provide midyear grades. Report your grades just the way they would appear on your transcript. No need to convert them to a letter system. If you need to explain your schools grading system, just put it in the updates section.? Some schools will not release midyear grades until after the February Updates Notes deadline of February 15th. This is okay. You should choose the option Semester grades will be available on ______________________ and I will mail or fax them to you at that time. (Dont forget to actually do that once theyre available too.)? Some of you have graduated already and have no new grades to report. You should choose the option, Im not currently attending school; MIT has all of my grades. You got all that? We are looking forward to getting your form on time. Thanks for taking care of business! Your February Updates Notes Form Hi Everyone, The MIT February Updates Notes Form is now available on MyMIT. Wait! Before you fill this form out, please read some important info below. First, though, relax! This is easy, and you don’t need to worry about “getting it wrong” don’t stress! What is it? The MIT February Updates Notes Form is an online form that is required of all students (including those admitted or deferred in Early Action), and is to be completed by you, the applicant. This form serves two purposes: to share your newest grades, and give you an opportunity to mention other updates since you submitted your application. Who should fill it out? Everyone! Even those already accepted in Early Action. When should I fill it out? As soon as possible after grades are available for the fall semester or second quarter. (If your school uses a trimester schedule, please use your first trimester grades, even if we already have them.) Please send us the form once your grades are released, OR by February 15th, whichever is earlier. The form must be submitted no later than February 15th. Wait! I won’t have any grades before February 15th! Even if you have no new grades to report, you should still complete the February Updates Notes Form. You should then submit your midyear grades to us as soon as they’re available. My counselor/school already sent my midyear grades. Do I still need to submit the form? Yes. You are still required to complete the form with your latest grades. My school does not provide midyear grades or progress reports. Do I still need to submit the form? Yes. There is an option where you can indicate this. I am homeschooled. Do I still need to submit the form? Yes. You should provide any and all grades available for classes you’ve taken in your current academic year. I am no longer attending school. Do I still need to submit the form? Yes. There is an option where you can indicate this. Got it. Ok, how do I fill this form out? The form has fields for you to report your coursework and grades. This is similar to the Self-Reported Coursework Form from the Part 2 of the application, except that were only looking for current-year courses and grades. And were only looking for this from students with something to report. If youre in a school that doesnt have midyear grades, or youve already graduated, dont worry, youre all set â€" just skip this section. Next, we have provided you with a simple text box. This is the best place for any new updates you want us to know about. Remember, the final date to submit the FUN Form is February 15th. But wait, theres not enough space in the updates section! Feel free to write in bullet points or use more casual language. This section has a maximum of 250 words. I know that’s not a lot, but do your best to be concise. How do I fill out the grades section? Make it clean please. Like this: BC Calculus 89 IB Chemistry HL 97 Japanese A- Or, if you have quarter grades: Biology A, A- AP Economics 96,92 Or, if you feel like you need to explain something â€" put it only in the subject section like this: Java I (taken at B.C.C.) A+ multivariable Calc (Online) Pass In the Grades box, please list only grades, no text. For example, it is sufficient to write B+ rather than B+ (Final grade) or B+ (online course). If your transcript provides quarter grades and a midterm exam grade but no semester grade, you should list the quarter grades and the midterm exam grade. Don’t create your own average, or report your best guess as to what your grade will be. If your school uses a trimester schedule, please use your first trimester grades. If you have more classes to report grades for than spaces available, just continue reporting them in the updates text box. Other special circumstances? Some schools including many international schools have no concept of midyear grades. This is okay. You can ignore the text boxes and simply choose the option, I attend a school that does not provide midyear grades. Report your grades just the way they would appear on your transcript. No need to convert them to a letter system. If you need to explain your school’s grading system, just put it in the updates section. Some schools will not release midyear grades until after the February Updates Notes deadline of February 15th. This is okay. You should choose the option Semester grades will be available on ______________________ and I will mail or fax them to you at that time. (Don’t forget to actually do that once they’re available too.) Some of you have graduated already and have no new grades to report. You should choose the option, I’m not currently attending school; MIT has all of my grades. You got all that? We are looking forward to getting your form on time. Thanks for taking care of business! Post Tagged #FAQs #FUN (February Updates and Notes) form #FUN form Your February Updates Notes Form Hi Everyone, The MIT February Updates Notes Form is now available on MyMIT. Wait! Before you fill this form out, please read some important info below. First, though, relax! This is easy, and you dont need to worry about getting it wrong dont stress! What is it? The MIT February Updates Notes Form is an online form that is required of all students (including those admitted or deferred in Early Action), and is to be completed by you, the applicant. This form serves two purposes: to share your newest grades, and give you an opportunity to mention other updates since you submitted your application. Who should fill it out? Everyone! Even those already accepted in Early Action. When should I fill it out? As soon as possible after grades are available for the fall semester or second quarter. (If your school uses a trimester schedule, please use your first trimester grades, even if we already have them.) Please send us the form once your grades are released, OR by February 15th, whichever is earlier. The form must be submitted no later than February 15th. Wait! I wont have any grades before February 15th! Even if you have no new grades to report, you should still complete the February Updates Notes Form. You should then submit your midyear grades to us as soon as theyre available. My counselor/school already sent my midyear grades. Do I still need to submit the form? Yes. You are still required to complete the form with your latest grades. My school does not provide midyear grades or progress reports. Do I still need to submit the form? Yes. There is an option where you can indicate this. I am homeschooled. Do I still need to submit the form? Yes. You should provide any and all grades available for classes youve taken in your current academic year. I am no longer attending school. Do I still need to submit the form? Yes. There is an option where you can indicate this. Got it. Ok, how do I fill this form out? The form has fields for you to report your coursework and grades. This is similar to the Self-Reported Coursework Form from the Part 2 of the application, except that were only looking for current-year courses and grades. And were only looking for this from students with something to report. If youre in a school that doesnt have midyear grades, or youve already graduated, dont worry, youre all set just skip this section.? Next, we have provided you with a simple text box. This is the best place for any new updates you want us to know about. Feel free to write in bullet points or use more casual language. This section has a maximum of 250 words. I know thats not a lot, but do your best to be concise. Remember, the final date to submit the FUN Form is February 15th. ? How do I fill out the grades section? Make it clean please. Like this: Biology A+ AP Calculus A- Or, if you have quarter grades: English A, B+ Japanese 95,88 Or, if you feel like you need to explain something put it only in the subject section like this: Java I (taken at B.C.C.) A+ Multivariable Calc (Online) Pass In the Grades box, please list only grades, no text. For example, it is sufficient to write B+ rather than B+ (Final grade) or B+ (online course). If your transcript provides quarter grades and a midterm exam grade but no semester grade, you should list the quarter grades and the midterm exam grade. Dont create your own average, or report your best guess as to what your grade will be.? If your school uses a trimester schedule, please use your first trimester grades. If you have more classes to report grades for than spaces available, just continue reporting them in the updates text box. Other special circumstances? Some schools including many international schools have no concept of midyear grades. This is okay. You can ignore the text boxes and simply choose the option, I attend a school that does not provide midyear grades. Report your grades just the way they would appear on your transcript. No need to convert them to a letter system. If you need to explain your schools grading system, just put it in the updates section.? Some schools will not release midyear grades until after the February Updates Notes deadline of February 15th. This is okay. You should choose the option Semester grades will be available on ______________________ and I will mail or fax them to you at that time. (Dont forget to actually do that once theyre available too.)? Some of you have graduated already and have no new grades to report. You should choose the option, Im not currently attending school; MIT has all of my grades. You got all that? We are looking forward to getting your form on time. Thanks for taking care of business!

Five Propositions for Exploring World Music Essay

Music 407 Chapter 1: What is world music? A Point of Departure: Five Propositions for Exploring World Music 1. The basic property of all music is SOUND * Tone – the duration (length), frequency (pitch), amplitude (loudness), timbre (quality of sound). * All sounds have the potential to be tones 2. The sounds (and silences) that comprise a musical work organized in some way * Music is a form of organized sound * Listening: CD 1:1 (Beethoven’s Symphony #9) CD 1:2 (Japanese gagaku) 3. Sounds are organized into music by people thus; music is a form of humanly organized sound * Music is a human phenomenon * Human creation vs. sounds found in nature 4. Music is a product of human intention and perception†¦show more content†¦Africa – to play the Cora you must be from the proper family lineage. * Music can be the property of a village. Also, this can be from a certain group. You don’t cross groups. * Music not treated as property at all * Music owned by individuals * Patronage – someone supports it * Patronage of music * Support of musicians - * Sources have direct link to style and designations of music Transmission of Music and Musical Knowledge * Music transmission * Production and reception * Composition – the person who creates * Interpretation – making music your own * Improvisation – Example: Jazz†¦ making things up based on a specific melody.Show MoreRelatedThe Alchemist By Paulo Coelho1358 Words   |  6 Pagestalks and discussions about people or events. In short, I did not fit there. After months of exploring new kinds of philosophies, I was reading western materialistic philosophies and scientific journals. I came across existentialism which affected me in ways I could not imagine. To add, I combined it with the meaning of life in biochemical terms. What are we? 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Public Health - 2465 Words

Principles and Foundations of Health Education and Promotion, 5e (Cottrell et al.) Chapter 1 A Background for the Profession 1) Which of the following phrases best describes the authors view of the status of health education? Health education is A) a calling. B) a profession. C) an applied discipline. D) an emerging profession. Answer: D 2) The body of knowledge, principles, and concepts used in health education/promotion come from a variety of disciplines. Which one of the following is not one the major disciplines supporting health education/promotion? A) Physics B) Biology C) Sociology D) Medical sciences Answer: A 3) Which one of those below is not used to define a profession? A profession A) has a code of ethics. B) provides†¦show more content†¦Answer: C 17) The primary role of a health education specialist includes A) delivering health education/promotion programs and evaluating health education/promotion programs. 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Internet Piracy and Its Economic Effects Free Essays

The ongoing dispute over illegal Internet-based file sharing between the entertainment and software industries and the vast, online pirating community has been one of the most debated upon topics that has gripped public attention for the past decade. What was once a single public website created by a college dropout has become an empire of trafficking communities, used by hundreds of millions of people, that robs billions in revenue each year. Although these rogue websites claim to strictly serve only as hosts for illegal file sharing, the United States government must take action to eliminate Internet piracy and protect copyright by implementing digital encryption technologies and strict laws that prohibit tampering these encryptions. We will write a custom essay sample on Internet Piracy and Its Economic Effects or any similar topic only for you Order Now The trafficking of copyrighted goods must be put to an end because it promotes illegal transactions of an owner’s intellectual property, causing sales in the entertainment and software industries to plummet and thereby restricts the growth of the economy. Internet piracy is the unlawful reproduction and/or distribution of any copyrighted digital file without the consent of the owner. It is driven by the consumers demand for a desirable product that would otherwise be unobtainable, either because of financial limitations or cultural factors, such as the Chinese culture’s emphasis that the free sharing of knowledge creates and preserves both civilization and traditional values across generations (Lu 310). Consequently, such a mindset that has caused many people to believe piracy to be the solution to their individual economic problems has resulted in the slow, yet unrelenting destruction of the economy. Spearheaded by several websites hosting millions of users every day, illegal file sharing services have robbed entertainment and software companies of billions of dollars each year and have direct correlations to the current economic depression. The era of internet piracy began in May of 1999 when a college student founded an internet website called Napster that allowed users to upload and download music for free through connected computer networks (Internet Piracy). In the first four months of its initial release, Napster hosted roughly 1 million users (Bach 4). After one year, however, the service became so popular that the Napster community expanded to an unprecedented 20 million users. Though it was eventually charged for copyright infringement and lost a series of legal battles, Napster had already introduced the world to internet piracy. For the first time ever, Napster, in just two years, caused the music industry, specifically in compact disc sales, to steadily lose roughly $500 million in revenue in each preceding year (Bach 5). The damage that these rogue websites have done to the entertainment industry by promoting and hosting file sharing services has been catastrophic. In the fifth annual global piracy study by the Business Software Alliance, BSA discovered that in 2007, â€Å"Worldwide, for every two dollars’ worth of software purchased legally, one dollars’ worth was obtained illegally. BSA) † Not only is internet piracy hurting the economy by dramatically lowering sales in the worldwide market, it is also making it increasingly difficult for artists, developers and their companies to produce new content to stimulate economic growth because of the daunting fact that their product will more likely be copied and redistributed rather than acquired legally through purchase. In the United States music industry, for example, the NPD group reported that only 37% of music acquired by consumers in 2009 was paid for (RIAA). If there is no payout, producers have less incentive to quickly develop new content. Likewise, without the revolving door of investment and revenue, the ability to bring the next generation of talent, such as artists and inventors, to the marketplace is diminished- as is the incentive for the aspiring talent to pursue a full time career in his or her desired industry (Gee 20). Furthermore, a decreasing amount of new products entering the market, coupled with the increasingly scarce number of new talents willing to enter the slumping entertainment industry and the continuously growing pirating community will only add fuel to the pre-existing fire that is the recession. Previously passed bills Protect IP Act and the Digital Millennium Copyright Act have done little in the war against Internet piracy as a majority of the pirating sites have turned to Bit Torrent technology as the method of choice to avoid drawing blame for directly handling intellectual property during illegal transactions. This advanced protocol maximizes transfer speed by gathering pieces of the file you want and downloading these pieces simultaneously from the computers of those who have downloaded from the same source- referred to as â€Å"seeders (Carmack 1, 3). As of 2009, Bit Torrent file sharing has accounted for approximately 43% to 70% of Internet trafficking, making it one of the biggest contributors to the declining entertainment and software industry (Schulze). Although it would be impossible to shut down every rogue website that provides file sharing services, it is possible to prevent consumers from uploading purchased products onto these sites by implementing digital encryption keys that are unique to each product, in which content is distributed not as raw data, but rather inside a secure container (Bach 7). Dubbed â€Å"Digital Rights Management (DRM), † these technologies have already been implemented in America’s motion picture industry and have greatly limited the number of pirated DVD’s. Moreover, digital encryption keys may be able to help stimulate the economy. Consider the notion that a good must be scarce, exclusive and rivalrous in order to draw consumer demand. Now, take into account that illegally copying and redistributing a good on the internet has zero marginal cost. The majority of people would rather commit to the latter instead of paying for said good, therefore eliminating rivalry, scarcity and exclusiveness in the market. If, however, encryption keys were to be equipped to each product, DRM would re-establish excludability and thus an artificial notion of rivalry and scarcity because each product would require a unique key code acquired upon purchasing the good (Bach 9). Companies would have more control over the distribution of its property while consumers can still keep their legally purchased product. What is more, the addition of laws prohibiting the tampering of these keys as well as severe punishment and fines would act as a strong deterrence to piracy. Unless the United States government adopts the ideas of implementing digital encryption technologies and passing strict laws that severely punish those who tamper with these electronic locks, the cycle of economic depression and inflation of products in the market will continue forever. Some may argue that these ideas to reinforce copyright will tip the balance of power away from consumers to the producers and also infringe upon the rights of an individual’s freedom of expression, the right to privacy, and the right to communicate (Lu 299). Yet, implementing key codes and laws to protect them (key codes) in no way limit a person’s right to speech, privacy, nor expression. For instance, a boy named Bob purchases a digital version of the hit song â€Å"Gangnam Style† and really enjoys the instrumental as well as lyrics. Though he cannot upload his copy of â€Å"Gangnam Style†Ã¢â‚¬  to the Internet and share it with others, he may still express his feelings about the song and tell others why he likes it. Bob is not restricted to enjoying the song by himself. In fact, he can post links of his new favorite song to his Twitter, Facebook, or any website; he just cannot distribute HIS copy in any way to anyone else. Though suggested method of protecting copyright may seem like it infringes about human rights, it does not. It merely serves, literally, as a protective cage surrounding your digital content. How to cite Internet Piracy and Its Economic Effects, Essay examples

Analyze The Procurement Methods Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Analyze The Procurement Methods. Answer: Introduction The success of a construction project is usually determined from the initial stages through the procurement process chosen. The procurement process will influence the whole construction process and able to determine the success of the construction projects. This paper will analyze three key procurement methods namely design and construct procurement method, management procurement method and collaborative procurement. This paper will analyse the positive and negative impacts, which are accrued when these methods are adopted in construction projects. Additionally, it will look at the benefits and risks, which the different stakeholders experience when either of the methods is chosen. Procurement methods Design and construct procurement One of the key procurement method, which is gaining popularity in construction projects, is the design and constructs procurement method. As the name suggests, the procurement method can allow the commencement of the construction phase while the design process is still on the process (Victorian State Government, 2006). The adoption of this method is usually done to ensure that the completion of the project is completed in time. Moreover, under this procurement method, different details of the project are given in advance and therefore enhancing the stakeholders planning. Additionally, under this method, the contractor can bear most of the risks in design and implementation of the project. The terms of the contract sum are provided through competitive pricing, which the client can control (Infrastructure Australia, 2012). Under this method, different approaches, which are able to define the relationship and responsibilities of different stakeholders, are usually stated. The following diagrams are able to highlight the different approaches, which are used when this method is applied in a construction project. Advantages Under this method, the client can control only one firm which they enter into a contract with regarding the project. The firm has the responsibility for design and construction of the project. The few stakeholders involved can increase the operational efficiency when implementing projects (Mortledge, Smith, and Kashiwagi, 2006). This is able to enhance the commitment of the resources to one area and limit the time of contacting different people separately such as designers and contractor. Overlapping of activities is possible which enhances the implementation cycle. Time is usually saved when the different activities take place at the same time, and this enhances completion of the project within the stipulated timeline. Moreover, the contractor has a contribution on the design parameters, and this enhances the constructibility of the project. Additionally, the cost of implementation is under control when this method is used. The maximum price is usually determined in the procurement stage, and this ensures that any escalation is met within the set budget. Disadvantages Nevertheless, this method has some key flaws, which are experienced when its chosen to implement construction projects. The project specifications can easily change according to the needs of the client. Since the lump sum cost is fixed, it creates a hard implementation time when the specification changes (National Research Council (U.S.), National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (U.S.), 2016). This can lead to an expensive project than it was anticipated before. Also, this method requires comparison of different designs. This may take a lot of time and therefore take up implementation timeline. Moreover, the client is required to commit to a concept design before the detailed and complete designs are completed. This raises high chances for changes while the project is under implementation stage and making the project expensive (Construction Specifications Institute, 2005). Moreover, the client has to prepare all the contract documents in advance and through this met hod, difficulties may be experienced, where the documents are inadequate and insufficiently comprehensive due to client limitation to prepare them. Benefits to stakeholders Several stakeholders involved in these projects can enjoy when it is chosen to implement a construction project. First, the client has limited risks since the contractor has much of the control of the project. This means that the contractor and not the client will sort out financial escalation. Secondly, the client can receive the completed project on time. This is because overlapping of activities is possible and gives the contractors and subcontractors enough time to beat the project deadline (Construction, 2016). The method enhances proper construction method by the contractor since they were involved in the design stages. This gives them ample time for implementation and enhancing the cooperation of the different ideas. Problems to stakeholders Some of the stakeholders are able to experience some problems when this method is chosen. First, the client is required to prepare the contract document, an exercise, which the client may, not be experienced in doing (Gould Joyce, 2014). The client may experience this problem when preparing the documents. Secondly, the contractor is able to bear all the risks and therefore when the costs exceed the contractor can experience the losses. When changes occur, the cost of the project is able to change but the lump sum cost is unlikely to change and therefore the contractor bears that additional cost. Preferred projects The projects, which their design scopes are unlikely to change, suit this procurement method. In addition, projects whose building is functional rather than prestigious aspects are more stresses suit this method (Gould, 2012). Simple projects, where the technical knowledge is limited suit this method for implementation. Lastly, projects, which require quick implementation, need a procurement method like this to ensure quick implementation. Management procurement Another upcoming procurement method in the construction projects is the management procurement. Under this procurement method, the client can appoint an independent professional team and a management contractor. This team can act as the adviser to the client in the preconstruction stages and able to carry out the construction works during the construction stage (Gould Joyce, 2014). In addition, under this method, different approaches can as well be used. Some of these methods include management contracting, construction management and design and manage. The different stakeholders under this method relate according to the following diagram Management contracting- this method requires the appointment of an independent professional team which will advise the client and later carry out the construction works (Austroads, 2007). Early start of the project can be achieved through this approach. Construction management this approach requires a management contractor who is able to determine the different project aspects (Arain, 2016). Work contractor is also chosen and enhance the implementation of the project works. The management contractor can manage the other contractors. Design and manage A contractor is chosen to head the design and implementation stage of the construction project. The works contractor and consultant take different responsibilities under this approach. Advantages There are different pros, which are achieved using this method. First, the client is able to choose a single firm, which he or she deals with. This enhances the management and coordination from the client perspective (Mortledge, Smith, and Kashiwagi, 2006). Additionally, overlapping of activities is possible through this method and therefore enhancing early completion of the project. Constructability is usually enhanced since the contractor is involved in the design stage when this method is chosen. Competitiveness in tendering process ensures value for money to the client. Additionally, all roles and responsibilities to the different stakeholders are usually stipulated and therefore minimising conflict of interest. Lastly, the flexibility of design is usually possible to suit the client preferences. Disadvantages First, this method is not certain about the cost of the project, and it is only known at the end of the project completion. This means that cost escalation can be able to increase and making the implementation stage hard. Additionally, the client is much involved in the process and therefore requires client who has knowledge of the construction process (Gould, 2012). Additionally, the client is able to lose the control of the design, a responsibility which constructors can take. This means clients needs may not be addressed fully (Harris, Mccaffer Edum-Fotwe, 2013). Lastly, clear definition of the implementation timeline and all information of the project is required before the implementation stage commences, which may be hard to provide. Benefits to stakeholder The client has an easy time in control of the single firm chosen to manage the project. This enhances the collaboration and coordination between the client and implementation team (Fewings, 2013). The methods provide enough time for the contractor to complete the project on time through the overlapping of activities. Additionally, the client can achieve the value of money for the project through the competitive tendering and selection of the implementation team. Each role and responsibility of the stakeholders is to know and therefore enhancing their operation. Problems to stakeholder The client is able to lose the control of the design aspects of the project. This means that their needs may not well articulated as they need. Since the client is not in the design and management part, the end product may not suit their needs (Fewings, 2013). The cost risk is available to the works contractor and the client. Since the cost is uncertain, changes on the cost are likely to occur and therefore likely to suppress the set budget. Informed client about the construction process is a key element to this method. A problem may arise on the management team when the client does not understand these processes. Preferred projects Simple projects, which the clients can understand, are most preferred to be carried out through this method. Projects, which can easily change also, require this method for their implementation. Collaborative procurement Under this method, different stakeholders in the construction project come together. The risks involved in the project are share according to the different responsibilities, which the shareholders have in the project (Gould, 2012). This procurement method requires stakeholders who can share the same ideas and aspects concerning the project. Under this method, the flow of different elements can be represented as in the following diagram. Advantages Transparency level is usually high under this method, and this is a key pro, which this method can bring in procurement sector (Centre for Excellence and Innovation in Infrastructure Delivery, 2010). The different parties are able to collaborate and able to bring the value of money to the project. High resource utilisation is also achieved in this method. Effective implementation of the project is usually achieved through the high consultation in the project. Different ideas are presented enhancing the innovations and implementation of the project. Lastly, due to the high involvement of stakeholders, the projected uncertainty is usually low. Disadvantages This method requires a lot of time during the implementation stage. This may lead to the project timeline to be exceeded (Arain, 2016). The high involvement and coordination require the high trust to the members. This level may not be possible. Opportunistic behaviour may arise and therefore increasing the risk of implementation. Benefits to stakeholders The client can forecast on their needs of the project through the early involvement in design stages (Gould, Joyce, 2013). This enhances the client to prepare and manage their resources for the project implementation. The contractors have an easy time in implementation due to different ideas from stakeholders. The high quality project is achieved for the client through the collaborative ideas. Problems to stakeholders The client may not receive the project on time due to the increased collaboration process. Trust issues among the stakeholders are a problem, which may affect the contractors working (Harris, Mccaffer Edum-Fotwe, 2013). Increased implementation timeline is a risk to the contractor since additional costs may accrue. Preferred project Complex project requires this method to enhance their implementation. Additionally, high project requires this method to take the advantage of different input from different people. Conclusion Procurement methods are key in the implementation of the construction project. The choice of the procurement method depends on the details of the project. Each method has its pros and cons and the areas, which they will perfectly suit to bring the best out of the projects. The different stakeholders can derive different benefits on each method, which is chosen. Additionally, the risk is a key part of the construction process and therefore whichever method is chosen, some problems may be experienced. References (2016). Construction. https://trrjournalonline.trb.org/toc/trr/2573. ARAIN, F. M. (2016). Construction project management research compendium. Volume 6 Volume 6. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truescope=sitedb=nlebkdb=nlabkAN=1365770. AUSTROADS (2007). Guide to project delivery: part 2: project delivery planning and control, by R Brown and P Robinson, AGPD02/07, Austroads, Sydney, NSW. BALDWIN, A., BORDOLI, D. (2014). A handbook for project planning and scheduling in construction. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=1666532. centre for excellence and innovation in infrastructure delivery (2010). Infrastructure procurement options guide, Centre for Excellence and Innovation in Infrastructure Delivery, Western Australia, Perth, WA. CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS INSTITUTE. (2005). The project resource manual: CSI manual of practice. New York, McGraw-Hill. FEWINGS, P. (2013). Construction project management: an integrated approach. Abingdon, Oxon, Routledge. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=1092840. GOULD, F. E. (2012). Managing the construction process: estimating, scheduling, and project control. Boston, Prentice Hall. GOULD, F. E., JOYCE, N. (2014). Construction project management. GOULD, F., JOYCE, N. (2013). Construction Project Management. Upper Saddle River, NJ, Pearson Education. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=4773308. HARRIS, F., MCCAFFER, R., EDUM-FOTWE, F. (2013). Modern construction management. Hoboken, N.J., Wiley-Blackwell. https://www.AUT.eblib.com.au/EBLWeb/patron/?target=patronextendedid=P_1132836_0. INFRASTRUCTURE AUSTRALIA. (2012). Efficiencies in major project procurement: volume 1: Benchmarks for efficient procurement of major infrastructure, Department of Infrastructure and Transport, Canberra, ACT. MORTLEDGE, R., SMITH, A., KASHIWAGI, D.T. (2006). Building Procurement. Blackwell, Oxford, UK. NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL (U.S.)., NATIONAL ACADEMIES OF SCIENCES, ENGINEERING, AND MEDICINE (U.S.),. (2016). Construction. (Transportation research record.) VICTORIAN STATE GOVERNMENT (2006). Project Alliance Practitioners Guide. Department of Treasury and Finance (https://www.dtf.vic.gov.au/projectalliancing)