Public Health - 2465 Words

Principles and Foundations of Health Education and Promotion, 5e (Cottrell et al.) Chapter 1 A Background for the Profession 1) Which of the following phrases best describes the authors view of the status of health education? Health education is A) a calling. B) a profession. C) an applied discipline. D) an emerging profession. Answer: D 2) The body of knowledge, principles, and concepts used in health education/promotion come from a variety of disciplines. Which one of the following is not one the major disciplines supporting health education/promotion? A) Physics B) Biology C) Sociology D) Medical sciences Answer: A 3) Which one of those below is not used to define a profession? A profession A) has a code of ethics. B) provides†¦show more content†¦Answer: C 17) The primary role of a health education specialist includes A) delivering health education/promotion programs and evaluating health education/promotion programs. B) developing health education/promotion programs for the people they serve and evaluating health education/promotion programs. C) assessing the needs and diagnosing medical problems. D) serving as a resource person, communicating with the public and marketing health education/promotion programs. Answer: B 18) Which of the following steps is generally found in most planning models? A) Learning activities B) Needs assessment C) Policy commitment D) Review of self-help materials Answer: B 19) The primary role of a health education specialist includes all of the following EXCEPT A) program development. B) program evaluation. C) program planning. D) program redirection. Answer: D 20) According to the best available estimates, behavioral patterns impact what portion of the populations early death? A) 70% B) 40% C) 30% D) 15% Answer: B 21) According to the best available estimates, social circumstances impact what portion of the populations early death? A) 70% B) 40% C) 30% D) 15% Answer: D 22) The use of the DTP vaccine is an example of which level of prevention? A) Primary prevention B) Secondary prevention C) Tertiary prevention D) Community prevention Answer: A 23) The use of condoms to prevent theShow MoreRelatedPublic Health And Social Health869 Words   |  4 Pages In the 20th century, public health was greatly defined, shaped, and heralded by its’ breakthroughs’ against infectious diseases of the time and other communicable diseases. Stern and global policies supporting mass vaccinations and mass hygienic regulations, both created an environment in which Public Health as a discipline was able to advance and counter the plagues and pandemics of its’ day. Contrastingly, in the 21st century, we are globally being faced with a different kind of animal, chronicRead MoreThe Principles of Public Health822 Words   |  3 PagesWhat are the principles of public health? 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It was then that we received our lesson about the use of the word ‘perspective’ (Cram, Pihama Philip-BarbaraRead More Global Public Health Essay1671 Words   |  7 PagesAfter 150 years of public health research and intervention, there are bound to be many lessons to draw upon which can provide the insight to guide public health professionals and institutions as they design and implement specific strategies, policies, and measures to increase global resilience for â€Å"complex health emergencies†. Identifying both the modifications to public health systems and looking closely from the history of managing environmental and other threats to the public health sector increasesRead MoreBloombergs Commitment to Public Health741 Words   |  3 PagesBloomberg’s commitment to public health was certainly strong throughout his time as mayor of New York. On the one hand, he understood the importance in addressing some of the largest health issues of our time. 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Internet Piracy and Its Economic Effects Free Essays

The ongoing dispute over illegal Internet-based file sharing between the entertainment and software industries and the vast, online pirating community has been one of the most debated upon topics that has gripped public attention for the past decade. What was once a single public website created by a college dropout has become an empire of trafficking communities, used by hundreds of millions of people, that robs billions in revenue each year. Although these rogue websites claim to strictly serve only as hosts for illegal file sharing, the United States government must take action to eliminate Internet piracy and protect copyright by implementing digital encryption technologies and strict laws that prohibit tampering these encryptions. We will write a custom essay sample on Internet Piracy and Its Economic Effects or any similar topic only for you Order Now The trafficking of copyrighted goods must be put to an end because it promotes illegal transactions of an owner’s intellectual property, causing sales in the entertainment and software industries to plummet and thereby restricts the growth of the economy. Internet piracy is the unlawful reproduction and/or distribution of any copyrighted digital file without the consent of the owner. It is driven by the consumers demand for a desirable product that would otherwise be unobtainable, either because of financial limitations or cultural factors, such as the Chinese culture’s emphasis that the free sharing of knowledge creates and preserves both civilization and traditional values across generations (Lu 310). Consequently, such a mindset that has caused many people to believe piracy to be the solution to their individual economic problems has resulted in the slow, yet unrelenting destruction of the economy. Spearheaded by several websites hosting millions of users every day, illegal file sharing services have robbed entertainment and software companies of billions of dollars each year and have direct correlations to the current economic depression. The era of internet piracy began in May of 1999 when a college student founded an internet website called Napster that allowed users to upload and download music for free through connected computer networks (Internet Piracy). In the first four months of its initial release, Napster hosted roughly 1 million users (Bach 4). After one year, however, the service became so popular that the Napster community expanded to an unprecedented 20 million users. Though it was eventually charged for copyright infringement and lost a series of legal battles, Napster had already introduced the world to internet piracy. For the first time ever, Napster, in just two years, caused the music industry, specifically in compact disc sales, to steadily lose roughly $500 million in revenue in each preceding year (Bach 5). The damage that these rogue websites have done to the entertainment industry by promoting and hosting file sharing services has been catastrophic. In the fifth annual global piracy study by the Business Software Alliance, BSA discovered that in 2007, â€Å"Worldwide, for every two dollars’ worth of software purchased legally, one dollars’ worth was obtained illegally. BSA) † Not only is internet piracy hurting the economy by dramatically lowering sales in the worldwide market, it is also making it increasingly difficult for artists, developers and their companies to produce new content to stimulate economic growth because of the daunting fact that their product will more likely be copied and redistributed rather than acquired legally through purchase. In the United States music industry, for example, the NPD group reported that only 37% of music acquired by consumers in 2009 was paid for (RIAA). If there is no payout, producers have less incentive to quickly develop new content. Likewise, without the revolving door of investment and revenue, the ability to bring the next generation of talent, such as artists and inventors, to the marketplace is diminished- as is the incentive for the aspiring talent to pursue a full time career in his or her desired industry (Gee 20). Furthermore, a decreasing amount of new products entering the market, coupled with the increasingly scarce number of new talents willing to enter the slumping entertainment industry and the continuously growing pirating community will only add fuel to the pre-existing fire that is the recession. Previously passed bills Protect IP Act and the Digital Millennium Copyright Act have done little in the war against Internet piracy as a majority of the pirating sites have turned to Bit Torrent technology as the method of choice to avoid drawing blame for directly handling intellectual property during illegal transactions. This advanced protocol maximizes transfer speed by gathering pieces of the file you want and downloading these pieces simultaneously from the computers of those who have downloaded from the same source- referred to as â€Å"seeders (Carmack 1, 3). As of 2009, Bit Torrent file sharing has accounted for approximately 43% to 70% of Internet trafficking, making it one of the biggest contributors to the declining entertainment and software industry (Schulze). Although it would be impossible to shut down every rogue website that provides file sharing services, it is possible to prevent consumers from uploading purchased products onto these sites by implementing digital encryption keys that are unique to each product, in which content is distributed not as raw data, but rather inside a secure container (Bach 7). Dubbed â€Å"Digital Rights Management (DRM), † these technologies have already been implemented in America’s motion picture industry and have greatly limited the number of pirated DVD’s. Moreover, digital encryption keys may be able to help stimulate the economy. Consider the notion that a good must be scarce, exclusive and rivalrous in order to draw consumer demand. Now, take into account that illegally copying and redistributing a good on the internet has zero marginal cost. The majority of people would rather commit to the latter instead of paying for said good, therefore eliminating rivalry, scarcity and exclusiveness in the market. If, however, encryption keys were to be equipped to each product, DRM would re-establish excludability and thus an artificial notion of rivalry and scarcity because each product would require a unique key code acquired upon purchasing the good (Bach 9). Companies would have more control over the distribution of its property while consumers can still keep their legally purchased product. What is more, the addition of laws prohibiting the tampering of these keys as well as severe punishment and fines would act as a strong deterrence to piracy. Unless the United States government adopts the ideas of implementing digital encryption technologies and passing strict laws that severely punish those who tamper with these electronic locks, the cycle of economic depression and inflation of products in the market will continue forever. Some may argue that these ideas to reinforce copyright will tip the balance of power away from consumers to the producers and also infringe upon the rights of an individual’s freedom of expression, the right to privacy, and the right to communicate (Lu 299). Yet, implementing key codes and laws to protect them (key codes) in no way limit a person’s right to speech, privacy, nor expression. For instance, a boy named Bob purchases a digital version of the hit song â€Å"Gangnam Style† and really enjoys the instrumental as well as lyrics. Though he cannot upload his copy of â€Å"Gangnam Style†Ã¢â‚¬  to the Internet and share it with others, he may still express his feelings about the song and tell others why he likes it. Bob is not restricted to enjoying the song by himself. In fact, he can post links of his new favorite song to his Twitter, Facebook, or any website; he just cannot distribute HIS copy in any way to anyone else. Though suggested method of protecting copyright may seem like it infringes about human rights, it does not. It merely serves, literally, as a protective cage surrounding your digital content. How to cite Internet Piracy and Its Economic Effects, Essay examples

Analyze The Procurement Methods Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Analyze The Procurement Methods. Answer: Introduction The success of a construction project is usually determined from the initial stages through the procurement process chosen. The procurement process will influence the whole construction process and able to determine the success of the construction projects. This paper will analyze three key procurement methods namely design and construct procurement method, management procurement method and collaborative procurement. This paper will analyse the positive and negative impacts, which are accrued when these methods are adopted in construction projects. Additionally, it will look at the benefits and risks, which the different stakeholders experience when either of the methods is chosen. Procurement methods Design and construct procurement One of the key procurement method, which is gaining popularity in construction projects, is the design and constructs procurement method. As the name suggests, the procurement method can allow the commencement of the construction phase while the design process is still on the process (Victorian State Government, 2006). The adoption of this method is usually done to ensure that the completion of the project is completed in time. Moreover, under this procurement method, different details of the project are given in advance and therefore enhancing the stakeholders planning. Additionally, under this method, the contractor can bear most of the risks in design and implementation of the project. The terms of the contract sum are provided through competitive pricing, which the client can control (Infrastructure Australia, 2012). Under this method, different approaches, which are able to define the relationship and responsibilities of different stakeholders, are usually stated. The following diagrams are able to highlight the different approaches, which are used when this method is applied in a construction project. Advantages Under this method, the client can control only one firm which they enter into a contract with regarding the project. The firm has the responsibility for design and construction of the project. The few stakeholders involved can increase the operational efficiency when implementing projects (Mortledge, Smith, and Kashiwagi, 2006). This is able to enhance the commitment of the resources to one area and limit the time of contacting different people separately such as designers and contractor. Overlapping of activities is possible which enhances the implementation cycle. Time is usually saved when the different activities take place at the same time, and this enhances completion of the project within the stipulated timeline. Moreover, the contractor has a contribution on the design parameters, and this enhances the constructibility of the project. Additionally, the cost of implementation is under control when this method is used. The maximum price is usually determined in the procurement stage, and this ensures that any escalation is met within the set budget. Disadvantages Nevertheless, this method has some key flaws, which are experienced when its chosen to implement construction projects. The project specifications can easily change according to the needs of the client. Since the lump sum cost is fixed, it creates a hard implementation time when the specification changes (National Research Council (U.S.), National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (U.S.), 2016). This can lead to an expensive project than it was anticipated before. Also, this method requires comparison of different designs. This may take a lot of time and therefore take up implementation timeline. Moreover, the client is required to commit to a concept design before the detailed and complete designs are completed. This raises high chances for changes while the project is under implementation stage and making the project expensive (Construction Specifications Institute, 2005). Moreover, the client has to prepare all the contract documents in advance and through this met hod, difficulties may be experienced, where the documents are inadequate and insufficiently comprehensive due to client limitation to prepare them. Benefits to stakeholders Several stakeholders involved in these projects can enjoy when it is chosen to implement a construction project. First, the client has limited risks since the contractor has much of the control of the project. This means that the contractor and not the client will sort out financial escalation. Secondly, the client can receive the completed project on time. This is because overlapping of activities is possible and gives the contractors and subcontractors enough time to beat the project deadline (Construction, 2016). The method enhances proper construction method by the contractor since they were involved in the design stages. This gives them ample time for implementation and enhancing the cooperation of the different ideas. Problems to stakeholders Some of the stakeholders are able to experience some problems when this method is chosen. First, the client is required to prepare the contract document, an exercise, which the client may, not be experienced in doing (Gould Joyce, 2014). The client may experience this problem when preparing the documents. Secondly, the contractor is able to bear all the risks and therefore when the costs exceed the contractor can experience the losses. When changes occur, the cost of the project is able to change but the lump sum cost is unlikely to change and therefore the contractor bears that additional cost. Preferred projects The projects, which their design scopes are unlikely to change, suit this procurement method. In addition, projects whose building is functional rather than prestigious aspects are more stresses suit this method (Gould, 2012). Simple projects, where the technical knowledge is limited suit this method for implementation. Lastly, projects, which require quick implementation, need a procurement method like this to ensure quick implementation. Management procurement Another upcoming procurement method in the construction projects is the management procurement. Under this procurement method, the client can appoint an independent professional team and a management contractor. This team can act as the adviser to the client in the preconstruction stages and able to carry out the construction works during the construction stage (Gould Joyce, 2014). In addition, under this method, different approaches can as well be used. Some of these methods include management contracting, construction management and design and manage. The different stakeholders under this method relate according to the following diagram Management contracting- this method requires the appointment of an independent professional team which will advise the client and later carry out the construction works (Austroads, 2007). Early start of the project can be achieved through this approach. Construction management this approach requires a management contractor who is able to determine the different project aspects (Arain, 2016). Work contractor is also chosen and enhance the implementation of the project works. The management contractor can manage the other contractors. Design and manage A contractor is chosen to head the design and implementation stage of the construction project. The works contractor and consultant take different responsibilities under this approach. Advantages There are different pros, which are achieved using this method. First, the client is able to choose a single firm, which he or she deals with. This enhances the management and coordination from the client perspective (Mortledge, Smith, and Kashiwagi, 2006). Additionally, overlapping of activities is possible through this method and therefore enhancing early completion of the project. Constructability is usually enhanced since the contractor is involved in the design stage when this method is chosen. Competitiveness in tendering process ensures value for money to the client. Additionally, all roles and responsibilities to the different stakeholders are usually stipulated and therefore minimising conflict of interest. Lastly, the flexibility of design is usually possible to suit the client preferences. Disadvantages First, this method is not certain about the cost of the project, and it is only known at the end of the project completion. This means that cost escalation can be able to increase and making the implementation stage hard. Additionally, the client is much involved in the process and therefore requires client who has knowledge of the construction process (Gould, 2012). Additionally, the client is able to lose the control of the design, a responsibility which constructors can take. This means clients needs may not be addressed fully (Harris, Mccaffer Edum-Fotwe, 2013). Lastly, clear definition of the implementation timeline and all information of the project is required before the implementation stage commences, which may be hard to provide. Benefits to stakeholder The client has an easy time in control of the single firm chosen to manage the project. This enhances the collaboration and coordination between the client and implementation team (Fewings, 2013). The methods provide enough time for the contractor to complete the project on time through the overlapping of activities. Additionally, the client can achieve the value of money for the project through the competitive tendering and selection of the implementation team. Each role and responsibility of the stakeholders is to know and therefore enhancing their operation. Problems to stakeholder The client is able to lose the control of the design aspects of the project. This means that their needs may not well articulated as they need. Since the client is not in the design and management part, the end product may not suit their needs (Fewings, 2013). The cost risk is available to the works contractor and the client. Since the cost is uncertain, changes on the cost are likely to occur and therefore likely to suppress the set budget. Informed client about the construction process is a key element to this method. A problem may arise on the management team when the client does not understand these processes. Preferred projects Simple projects, which the clients can understand, are most preferred to be carried out through this method. Projects, which can easily change also, require this method for their implementation. Collaborative procurement Under this method, different stakeholders in the construction project come together. The risks involved in the project are share according to the different responsibilities, which the shareholders have in the project (Gould, 2012). This procurement method requires stakeholders who can share the same ideas and aspects concerning the project. Under this method, the flow of different elements can be represented as in the following diagram. Advantages Transparency level is usually high under this method, and this is a key pro, which this method can bring in procurement sector (Centre for Excellence and Innovation in Infrastructure Delivery, 2010). The different parties are able to collaborate and able to bring the value of money to the project. High resource utilisation is also achieved in this method. Effective implementation of the project is usually achieved through the high consultation in the project. Different ideas are presented enhancing the innovations and implementation of the project. Lastly, due to the high involvement of stakeholders, the projected uncertainty is usually low. Disadvantages This method requires a lot of time during the implementation stage. This may lead to the project timeline to be exceeded (Arain, 2016). The high involvement and coordination require the high trust to the members. This level may not be possible. Opportunistic behaviour may arise and therefore increasing the risk of implementation. Benefits to stakeholders The client can forecast on their needs of the project through the early involvement in design stages (Gould, Joyce, 2013). This enhances the client to prepare and manage their resources for the project implementation. The contractors have an easy time in implementation due to different ideas from stakeholders. The high quality project is achieved for the client through the collaborative ideas. Problems to stakeholders The client may not receive the project on time due to the increased collaboration process. Trust issues among the stakeholders are a problem, which may affect the contractors working (Harris, Mccaffer Edum-Fotwe, 2013). Increased implementation timeline is a risk to the contractor since additional costs may accrue. Preferred project Complex project requires this method to enhance their implementation. Additionally, high project requires this method to take the advantage of different input from different people. Conclusion Procurement methods are key in the implementation of the construction project. The choice of the procurement method depends on the details of the project. Each method has its pros and cons and the areas, which they will perfectly suit to bring the best out of the projects. The different stakeholders can derive different benefits on each method, which is chosen. Additionally, the risk is a key part of the construction process and therefore whichever method is chosen, some problems may be experienced. References (2016). Construction. https://trrjournalonline.trb.org/toc/trr/2573. ARAIN, F. M. (2016). Construction project management research compendium. Volume 6 Volume 6. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truescope=sitedb=nlebkdb=nlabkAN=1365770. AUSTROADS (2007). Guide to project delivery: part 2: project delivery planning and control, by R Brown and P Robinson, AGPD02/07, Austroads, Sydney, NSW. BALDWIN, A., BORDOLI, D. (2014). A handbook for project planning and scheduling in construction. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=1666532. centre for excellence and innovation in infrastructure delivery (2010). Infrastructure procurement options guide, Centre for Excellence and Innovation in Infrastructure Delivery, Western Australia, Perth, WA. CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS INSTITUTE. (2005). The project resource manual: CSI manual of practice. New York, McGraw-Hill. FEWINGS, P. (2013). Construction project management: an integrated approach. Abingdon, Oxon, Routledge. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=1092840. GOULD, F. E. (2012). Managing the construction process: estimating, scheduling, and project control. Boston, Prentice Hall. GOULD, F. E., JOYCE, N. (2014). Construction project management. GOULD, F., JOYCE, N. (2013). Construction Project Management. Upper Saddle River, NJ, Pearson Education. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=4773308. HARRIS, F., MCCAFFER, R., EDUM-FOTWE, F. (2013). Modern construction management. Hoboken, N.J., Wiley-Blackwell. https://www.AUT.eblib.com.au/EBLWeb/patron/?target=patronextendedid=P_1132836_0. INFRASTRUCTURE AUSTRALIA. (2012). Efficiencies in major project procurement: volume 1: Benchmarks for efficient procurement of major infrastructure, Department of Infrastructure and Transport, Canberra, ACT. MORTLEDGE, R., SMITH, A., KASHIWAGI, D.T. (2006). Building Procurement. Blackwell, Oxford, UK. NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL (U.S.)., NATIONAL ACADEMIES OF SCIENCES, ENGINEERING, AND MEDICINE (U.S.),. (2016). Construction. (Transportation research record.) VICTORIAN STATE GOVERNMENT (2006). Project Alliance Practitioners Guide. Department of Treasury and Finance (https://www.dtf.vic.gov.au/projectalliancing)

Global Economy Fiscal Policies in US

The meaning of Fiscal Policy Fiscal policy refers to the use of government revenue and expenditure to influence the economy. It relates to development guidelines where all welfare projects have to be completed. Essentially, fiscal policies influence macroeconomic activities by balancing tax and public spending.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Global Economy: Fiscal Policies in US specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Two examples of these fiscal policies include taxation and government expenditure, which aim at funding development functions, as well as, enhancing equality. Such policies curb inflation, and in the end increase employment and maintain the value of money (Perry 2008). In addition, proper fiscal policies determine the pace of the country’s economic growth. However, should there be a lack of restraint to the economic growth money will soak the market thereby leading inflation. Instrument of fiscal p olicies Taxation policies are the main government techniques for influencing the economy, as well as a weapon for saving a collapsing economy. The government uses taxation and spending to influence economic activities by increasing and reducing it. Taxation is the main source of income for the government. The most common method of taxation is direct taxation. Other forms of taxation include personal taxes, value added tax, fees levied on licenses and permits, as well as, fines. The introduction of tax cuts helps in stimulating aggregate demand (Krug 2011, 34-5). If the government increases taxes, the public will be heavily burdened, which will reduce their production and purchasing power. On the other hand, if the government decreases taxes, money supply will be high. This will then lead to high inflation. A reduction in taxes will increase disposable income and households will end up consuming the money that should have been taxed. An increase in taxes will also affect businesses. It will lower the profit margin and hence lead to an increase in production. Increased production will increase the demand for raw material and laborers. Therefore, there will be an increase in employment and the money earned will increase the level of income in the economy. There is the need to analyze taxation policy in order to avoid inflationary tendencies. Additionally, it is the mandate of all policy makers to use the power vested in them by the state to maintain a stable economy. This is because stability centres on the kind of macroeconomic policies made.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another tool used by the government as fiscal policy is government expenditure, which are recurrent and development. Various development expenditures include opening education institution, building and maintaining infrastructure. On the other hand, recurrent expenditure involves payin g salaries to the civil service and employing a new workforce. An increase in the government expenditure goes to economic development, paying wages and salary, which involves changing the budget. Investing in infrastructure development requires skilled and casual labourers to complete the projects. This creates direct employment opportunities for the people involved in construction work and other indirect opportunities for those supplying services and logistics to the building process. The employed citizens, either directly or indirectly, earn wages and salaries, which increase their ability to purchase goods, and hence an increase in aggregated demand. In addition, the government can increase spending on education hence increase the skills and knowledge of its citizens. In the end, government will increase the employment to its people. Deficit financing policy is another example of fiscal policy, although not popular. This happens when the government expenditure is more than its re venue; the deficit can be filled when and if the central bank decides to issue new currency (Baumol Blinder 1994). It will reduce the purchasing power of the masses hence inflation and in the end, the value of currency will increase. The government can opt for domestic borrowing as a solution when it feels that deficit financing is insufficient. This is by issuing government securities and bonds; however, it will increase the cost of budget in the form of interest. Fiscal policies, if not sustained carefully, increases inflation and the rate of unemployment. The fiscal policy stance in the 2011-2012 Federal Budget The government implemented the contractionary fiscal policy by spending lower than the tax revenue. This is usually because of the pay down of government debt, which saw the 2011/2012 budget with many significant cuts. This is an indication that the government is using fiscal policies as a means of stimulating growth. This policy affected the dependent spouse tax as a bud getary component thus stimulates aggregate demand. This move will save the government an amount of $755 million (Australian budget services, 2011). Additionally, $1.1 will be saved by raising the public sector dividends and a further $470 by scrapping off low income tax offset. Businesses have not been spared, since those with a turnover of $2 million and below are written off on any motor purchases.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Global Economy: Fiscal Policies in US specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There is a noted increase in spending on the health and education sectors. Notably, the government will offset this by executing sharp cuts on defense expenditure in order to enhance operational competence in the communal service. In addition, other measures will affect natural disaster expenditure ($1.2bn this year), and the flood levee (raising $1.5bn). The government’s transfer payment policy such as une mployment benefits, social security funds to the elderly, and payments made to the poor had cuts. Consequently, reducing the transfer payment will reduce the amount of disposable income to those involved. Suitability of the Australian government’s fiscal policy stance By reducing the government’s expenditure, the banks will be willing to lend to the government because of the increase in liquidity. This will reduce the yearly government debt, consequently reducing the total public sector debt. Arguably, cutting government expenditure will reduce borrowing, which is dangerous and can downgrade the bond market. Notably, current research points out that one-dollar of tax cuts can increase G.D.P by $3, compared to a supplementary dollar of government expenditure increasing GDP by $1.40. Reducing government expenditure also reduces the level of inflation, because little money remains in circulation (Russell Heathfield 1999). Introducing infrastructure tax benefits is also j ustified and appropriate. The government cut on the infrastructure can affect productive capacity in the end. Notably, introduction of the benefits has opened the opportunity for private investors willing to invest in infrastructure development to proceed. This will ensure improved infrastructure, which will lead to increased business activities. Increasing expenditure on health and education has increased the skills and knowledge on its citizen. Essentially, this will increase the employment to the people, as well as their disposable income (Symes 1995). Increasing government expenditure will bolster economic growth by increasing the disposable income. Alternatively, the private sector should offer these essential services to the masses at minimal cost. However, quality should not be compromised. Privatizing the airports, postal services, and improving the educational sector should be strategic by shifting to a model that is based on competition and choice.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The government’s transfer payment policy such as unemployment benefits, social security funds to the elderly, and payments made to the poor had cuts. The transfer payment will reduce the amount of disposable income to the individuals involved hence justifiable. List of References Australian budget services, 2011, Federal Budget. Web. Baumol, W Blinder, S, 1994, Economics: principles and policy, 6th Edn, Dryden Press, Fort Worth. Krug, S, 2011, Optimal Taxation in a Federal System of Governments, GRIN Verlag GmbH, München. Perry, E, 2008, Fiscal policy, stabilization, and growth: prudence or abstinence?, World Bank, Washington, DC. Russell, M Heathfield, F, 1999, Inflation and UK monetary policy, 3rd Edn., Heinemann, Oxford. Symes, V 1995, Unemployment in Europe: problems and policies, Routledge, London. This essay on Global Economy: Fiscal Policies in US was written and submitted by user Cable to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A Hermeneutical Critique on the Conquest and Occupation Essay Example

A Hermeneutical Critique on the Conquest and Occupation Essay Example A Hermeneutical Critique on the Conquest and Occupation Essay A Hermeneutical Critique on the Conquest and Occupation Essay 95-100. [ 10 ]. Awala Longkumer, â€Å"Voices of the Indigenous People,† in National Council of Churches Review (March 2006): 52-54. [ 11 ]. Murali Dhar Majhi, â€Å"Cultural Rights of Indigenous People,† in Social Action: A Quarterly Review of Social Trends vol. 60 (Oct-Dec 2010): 406-407. [ 12 ]. P. J. Sonjeeva Raj, â€Å"The Call of the Indigenous People,† in Asia Journal of Theology, vol. 10 (April 1996):64-65. [ 13 ]. She connects them with their past (as the home of the ancestors), with the present (as provider of their materials need), and with the future (as the legacy they hold in trust for their children and grandchildren). In this way, indigenousness carries with it a sense of belonging to a place. [ 14 ]. The idea that the land can be owned, that it can belong to someone even when left unused, uncared for, or uninhabited is foreign to indigenous peoples, they are holding land collectively for the community. [ 15 ]. Pushpa Joseph, â€Å"Indigenous Knowledge for Survival A Descriptive Enquiry,† in Jeevandhara : A journal For Socio-Religious Research XXXIX/ 229 (January-2009): 82. [ 16 ]. Ivan Cardinal Dias, â€Å"Identities, Aspirations and Destines of Indigenous Peoples of India,† in Understanding Tribal Cultures: for effective education, edited by Joseph Anikuzhikattil et. l. , (New Delhi: Commission For Education and Culture, 2003), 265. [ 17 ]. Seram Rojesh, â€Å"Whither Indigenous Peoples and their Culture? † in Social Action: A Quarterly Review of Social Trends vol. 60 (October-December 2010): 364-365. [ 18 ]. They believed that each piece of land had its own Baal who helped it to produce good crops. The baal could be worshipped only on his own plot of land, and if a man moved to another district he was compelled to offer worship and gifts to the baal of the district to which he had moved. [ 19 ]. In those days there was no yeast to make bread rise when it was baked, they discovered that if they kept a piece of dough from one week’s baking and allowed it to go sour, it would happen as this went on. If this went on it would make the bread unpleasant to eat. In order to break this chain and make a fresh start, week’s baking was done without the addition of any sour dough, and therefore the bread did not rise: it was ‘unleavened’. [ 20 ]. Elsie Broadie, The Chosen Nation; Book one; Founders and Leaders (Headington Hill Hall: The Religious Education Press, 1968), 71-73. [ 21 ]. C. G. Libolt, â€Å"Canaanites,† in The International Standard Bible Encyclopaedia vol. 1, edited by Geoffrey W. Bromiley (Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1979), 4589. [ 22 ]. K. Thanzauva, â€Å"Tribal/Indigenous Interpretation of the Bible: A Keynote Address,† in Tribal Theology And the Bible: A Search for Contextual Relevance, edited by Ynagkahao Vashum (Jorhat: Eastern Theological College, 2011), 20-23. [ 23 ]. Limatula Longkumer, Tribal Feminist Reading of the Bible, Tribal Theology and The Bible: A Search for Contextual Relevance, edited by Yangkahao Vashum (Jorhat: Eastern Theological College, 2011), 140-141. 24 ]. B. J. Syiemlieh, â€Å"Contextual Interpretation of The New Testament in Northeast India: A search for Principles and Methods,† in Tribal Theology and The Bible: A Search for Contextual Relevance, edited by Yangkahao Vashum (Jorhat: Eastern Theological College, 2011), 42. [ 25 ]. J. G. Mc Convillle, â€Å"Joshua, Book of,† in the Dictionary for Theological Interpretation of the Bible, et. al. , Kevin. J. Vanhoozer (Michigan: Baker Book House, 2005), 400. [ 26 ]. Laiu Fachhai, The Land Must Be Distributed Equally: The Promise and Covenant Aspects of Land in the Old Testament (ISPCK: Delhi, 2009), 23. [ 27 ]. Walter C. Kaiser, A History of Israel: From the Bronze Age Through The Jewish Wars (USA: Broadman and Hollman Publisher, 1998), 145. [ 28 ]. A. Wati Longchar, â€Å"Tribal Theology: Issues, Method and Perspective,† in Journal of Tribal Studies, vol. 1 (December 1997): 76-80. [ 29 ]. Peter Ignatius, â€Å"Interpretative Theories of Israelite Settlement,† in Jeevadhara: The Struggle for the Past: Historiography Today XXXII/187 (January 2002): 95-106. [ 30 ]. Temsuyanger, â€Å"Israelite Tribal As Resistance And Revolt Against Domination: Some Insights For Coalition Politics In Contemporary India,† in Journal of Tribal Studies, . XII/2 (July-December 2007): 76-88. 31 ]. He was a rather shadowy figure who was worshiped as the â€Å"father of man† and the â€Å"father of year†. A stele unearthed at Ras Sharma showed him seated upon a throne with a hand upraised in blessing, while the ruler of Ugarit presented a gift to him. [ 32 ]. R. K. Harrison, Old Testament Ti mes (Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 1970), 162. [ 33 ]. Antonius H. J. Gunneberg, â€Å"Israel,† in Encyclopedia of Christianity, edited by Geoffrey W. Bromiley, Vol. 2 E-I (Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2001), 769. [ 34 ]. Their offering was the fertility deity Baal, sometimes known as Haddu (Hadad, the god of rain and storm. He succeeded El as the reigning king of the Canaanite pantheon, and lived in the lofty mountainous regions of the remote northern heavens. A stele from ancient Ugarit portrayed him in his role of storm deity. His titles included the epithets Zabul (Lord of the earth) and Aliyn (the one who prevails), the latter being prominent in Ugaritic poetic literature. The theme of the Baal and Anat cycle was that of his struggle with Mot, the deity of misfortune, who had challenged the kingship of Baal. The latter descended to the Underworld realm of Mot, and there was slain. When his death was followed by a seven-year cycle of famine, Anat, the consort of Baal, revenged herself by killing Mot, after which she planted his body in the ground. Aliyn Baal then recovered, and a seven-year period of prosperity ensued, followed once more by the resurgence of Mot. The depraved nature of Canaanite religion is indicated by the character of Anat, the sister-spouse of Baal, who was variously identified with Astarte, Asherah, and Ashtoreth in cultic worship. An Egyptian text of the New kingdom period described Anat and Astarte as â€Å"the great goddesses who conceive but do not bear. The Canaanites evidently regarded their fertility goddesses as combinations of virgins and begetters of life, and they spoke of Anat in her role of sacred prostitute as â€Å"qudshu,† â€Å"the holy one. † This term is somewhat related to the Biblical term for â€Å"holy,† but it is important to realize that among Semitic peoples generally the idea of â€Å"holine ss† was applied to anything that had been dedicated to the service of a deity. [ 35 ]. P. E. Satterthwaite and D. W. Baker, â€Å"Nation of Canaan,† in Dictionary of the Old Testament Pentateuch, edited by T. Desmond Alexander and David W. Baker (Illinois: Inter Varsity Press, 1984), 600-605. [ 36 ]. Walter C. Kaiser, A History of Israel: From the Bronze Age Through The Jewish Wars †¦ 147. [ 37 ]. Lucien Legrand, The Bible on Culture; Belong or Dissenting? (Bangalore: Theological Publications in India, 2001), 6-8. [ 38 ]. Walter C. Kaiser, A History of Israel: From the Bronze Age Through The Jewish Wars †¦ 145. [ 39 ]. Yangkahao Vashum, â€Å"Colonialism, Christian Mission and Indigenous: An Examination from Asian Indigenous,† in Journal of Theologies and Cultures in Asia, Vol. 78 (2008/2009): 75-78. [ 40 ]. A. R. Ceresko, â€Å"Potsherds and Pioneers: Recent Research on the Origin of Israel,† Indian Theological Studies, vol. 34 (1997): 11. [ 41 ]. Awala Longkumer, â€Å"Experience of the Context: Socio-Political, Historical and Cultural Context of the Tribal,† in Critical Issues in Mission Among Tribals, edited by Awala Longkumer (Nagpur: NCCI, 2011), 36-37 [ 42 ]. K. C. Abraham, â€Å"Towards An Indian Christian Identity,† in Christian Identity and Cultural Nationalism: Challenges and Opportunities, edited E. C. John Samson Prabhakar (Bangalore: BTESSC/ SATHRI, 2008), 23-29. [ 43 ]. A. Wati Longchar, â€Å"Tribal Theology: Issues, Method and Perspective,† , 76-80.

Discrimination Against African-Americans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Discrimination Against African-Americans - Essay Example As a result, the lives of the Negros adopted inferiority complex, lower class status, oppression, and lack of basic resources to build their lives. This paper will thus reflect on the topic discrimination against the African- American in this period stipulated in the book, The Souls of Black Folk  by Du Bois, W. E. Burghardt. The paper will reflect and discuss the various forms of discrimination against the Negros as shown in this book. There was utmost discrimination regarding the accordance of education between the African- American youths and the American youths. Indeed, the whites qualified Washington submissions to have a narrow education background. The Negros youths education basis was reliant on industrial training, as they could not access higher education. In light of this, there was steady withdrawal of financial aid meant for higher training of the Negros1. Washington advocates for a common school and industrial training. Actually, Negro- common schools only existed whe re teachers got training from Negro colleges or by their graduates. Similarly, the Negro slaves could not access basic education and would live in separation from their relatives. This is because the whites believed that basic or formal education would help the slaves to know their rights and would possibly revolt or escape. This segregation in the provision of education amounts to discrimination. Where Negros could not access higher education and were only reliant on industrial training, this limited them to normal jobs and provision of hard labor in the white farms. The Negros could not access formal employment since their education background was narrow and not relevant in the white color jobs. This called for provision of education to the youths on basis of ability, common schools, enough well- equipped colleges, and universities. This would enable the adequate training of the Negro youths as teachers, political leaders, and professionals. In absence of this, the Negros would re main in hard labor, low wages, no access to formal jobs and political leadership. Indeed, the denial to equal chances of education is the primary source of all other discriminations on African- Americans. There was discrimination in according the civil rights2. This was evident in the distinct way the whites treated the Negros. The Negro slaves got severe treatments that included capital punishments from their white masters. Indeed civil rights were subject to race, economic class, and political power. Where the Negros suffered civic inferiority, belonged to the lowest economic class, and had no access to political power, their civic rights were subject to jeopardy3. Actually, they faced discrimination in registering for citizenship where stringent measures against them were present and even getting legal representation was still challenging. There was abuse or denial on most of their basic human rights like right to education, equal resources, citizenship, representation, and assoc iation. The rights of the whites were more favored. Hence, they did not enjoy civil equality and thus missed on the equal share of resources. As a result, they lost their self –respect and dignity, were intimidated, could not venture in meaningful opportunities, and got rare representation in the national government. This accordance of civil rights in relation to race and class was the strongest discrimination that

Should Juveniles be tried as adults Research Paper

Should Juveniles be tried as adults - Research Paper Example The basis for trial in these courts was on there are rather than the crime committed. However, in the 20th century, there has been a change on perception of these courts. For example, in the last two decades of the 20th century, there was rethinking on the roles of these courts (Khan 1). Hence, the topic has been controversial in the recent time. Some of the public were calling for establishment of tough law to the juveniles and even trying them as adults. The change in opinions made it possible for some states to make laws that ensured treatment of youthful offenders as adults. This has been done through the modification of the age of juvenile court jurisdiction (Children’s Action Alliance 7). The age reduction has been implemented in states such as New York and North Carolina. In these states, the age of jurisdiction by courts have been reduced to 16 years (Children’s Action Alliance 7). Other states have come up with recommendations of doing away with juvenile courts . On the other hand, there are those that have a strong opposition to trying juveniles as adults. The paper focus on reasons why juveniles should not be tried as adults and refute. Juveniles should not be tried like adults, as their thinking capacity is not full developed. Most of the practices in the society shows that those under the age of eighteen cannot in any way compared to adult. A research carried out has shown that teenager’s brains are not developed like that of adults (Khalid 1). In the society, there are restrictions on drinking, use of tobacco, voting, and some other social activities to youth under eighteen years of age (Baruwa 109). The restriction is due to inability of adolescents of making mature and responsible decisions to some of these things in society. Moreover, the restriction may be due to lack of experience of adolescents in life. The characteristics are an indication that adolescents are in the process of developing to maturity. The